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Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus (;〔("Copernicus" ). ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.〕 (ポーランド語:Mikołaj Kopernik) ; ; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe. The publication of this model in his book ''De revolutionibus orbium coelestium'' (''On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres'') just before his death in 1543 is considered a major event in the history of science, triggering the Copernican Revolution and making an important contribution to the Scientific Revolution.
Copernicus was born and died in Royal Prussia, a region that had been a part of the Kingdom of Poland since 1466. He was a polyglot and polymath who obtained a doctorate in canon law and also practiced as a physician, classics scholar, translator, governor, diplomat, and economist. Like the rest of his family, he was a third order Dominican.〔Hagen, J. (1908). Nicolaus Copernicus. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved November 6, 2015 from New Advent: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04352b.htm〕 In 1517 he derived a quantity theory of money – a key concept in economics – and in 1519 he formulated a version of what later became known as Gresham's law.〔
==Life==
Nicolaus Copernicus was born on 19 February 1473 in the city of Toruń (Thorn), in the province of Royal Prussia, in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland.〔〔 His father was a merchant from Kraków and his mother was the daughter of a wealthy Toruń merchant.〔 Nicolaus was the youngest of four children. His brother Andreas (Andrew) became an Augustinian canon at Frombork (Frauenburg).〔 His sister Barbara, named after her mother, became a Benedictine nun and, in her final years, prioress of a convent in Chełmno (Kulm); she died after 1517.〔 His sister Katharina married the businessman and Toruń city councilor Barthel Gertner and left five children, whom Copernicus looked after to the end of his life.〔 Copernicus never married or had children.
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